Planning integrated energy systems coupling V2G as a flexible storage

Coupling the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) with integrated energy systems (IES) offers an emerging solution for decarbonisation of both and transport sectors. To evaluate feasibility coupling V2G IES as a flexible storage, we propose optimisation-based system planning framework embedding into IES. Within this framework, stochastic features electric vehicles (EV) fleets are simulated. The impacts on design captured by assessing economic environmental benefits via multi-objective optimisations utilising improved NSGA-II algorithm. Six case studies considering three cities different climate conditions two functional areas residential commercial performed. results manifest that Beijing-commercial could achieve largest mutual benefits. EV fleets’ charging behaviour follows time-of-use tariff in transition seasons while not during winter. Sensitivity analysis indicates electricity gas prices have significant impact design. induced growing penetration would gradually decrease stabilise when number reach 300, growth stabilized at 1.3% 1.8%, respectively. Overall, study quantifies enabling IES, generates valuable insights planners, service providers, relevant policymakers.